Resources for Thematic Analysis

We (Virginia Braun & Victoria Clarke) have organised this reading list into the following sections, to help guide you through the diversity of approaches and practices around thematic analysis. For some, we provide a succinct summary of what they offer. This is intended as a starting- rather than end-point!

• Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2017). Commentary: Thematic analysis. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297-298.

A very brief introduction to TA for researchers in the field of positive psychology.

• Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (in press, 2017). Thematic analysis. In Willig, C. & Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 2^nd edition. London: Sage.

A general introduction to TA that includes a discussion of the history and development of TA and maps the terrain of TA (as we see it), also includes a detailed worked example using interview data from a study of women’s experiences of being childfree

• Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2016). (Mis)conceptualising themes, thematic analysis, and other problems with Fugard and Potts’ (2015) sample-size tool for thematic analysis. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 19(6), 739-743.

A commentary on Fugard and Potts’ (2015) paper proposing a power analysis tool for determining sample size in TA research. We identify various problematic assumptions underpinning this tool, and Fugard and Potts’ conceptualisation of TA and themes, and explain why the tool is not appropriate for use in our version of TA.

• Braun, V., Clarke, V. & Weate, P. (2016). Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research. In B. Smith & A.C. Sparkes (Eds.), International handbook on qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 191-218). London: Routledge.

This chapter discusses the use of TA in the context of sport and exercise research and provides a worked example of coding and theme development using focus group data from a broadly experiential study of women’s perspectives on, and experiences of, exercise.

• Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2016). Thematic analysis. In E. Lyons & A. Coyle, (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology (2^nd ed.) (pp. 84-103). London: Sage.

A general introduction to TA including a worked example of coding and theme development using qualitative survey data from the study of gay men’s sense-making around their clothing and appearance practices.

• Huxley, C., Clarke, V. & Halliwell, E. (2016). Report 2: Are lesbian and bisexual women ‘protected’ from sociocultural pressure to be thin? A reflective account of a thematic analysis study. In E. Lyons & A. Coyle, (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology (2^nd ed.) (pp. 306-321). London: Sage.

A condensed version of a paper originally published in the Journal of Health Psychology (2014) with reflective commentary written by the first author addressing various aspects of the research process and the written report.

• Terry, G. (2016). Doing thematic analysis. In E. Lyons & A. Coyle, (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology (2^nd ed.) (pp. 104-118). London: Sage.

A chapter-length worked example of TA using the interview accounts of two men who had transitioned from the army to civilian life.

• Clarke, V., Braun, V. & Hayfield, N. (2015). Thematic analysis. In J.A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3^rd ed.) (pp. 222-248). London: Sage.

A general introduction to TA including a worked example of coding and theme development using qualitative interview data from a study of bisexual women’s visual identities.

• Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2014). Guest editorial: What can ‘thematic analysis’ offer health and well-being researchers? International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 9, 26152.

A very brief introduction to TA for researchers in the field of health and well-being research.

• Braun, V., Clarke, V. & Rance, N. (2014). How to use thematic analysis with interview data. In Vossler, A. & Moller, N. (Eds), The Counselling and Psychotherapy Research Handbook (pp. 183-197). London: Sage.

An introduction to TA for researchers in the field of counselling and psychotherapy research, with a worked example of a TA of interview data from a study of lived experiences of treatment/therapy for anorexia.

• Braun, V., Clarke, V. & Terry, G. (2014). Thematic analysis. In P. Rohleder & A. Lyons (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology (pp. 95-113). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.

An introduction to TA for researchers in clinical and health psychology, and featuring worked examples of coding and theme development from an interview study of sexual health professionals’ views on impediments to sexual health in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

• Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2014) Thematic analysis. In T. Teo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1947-1952). New York: Springer.

A brief discussion of TA for critical psychologists, including a consideration of the potential of TA as a method for critical psychology.

• Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2014). Thematic analysis. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 6626-6628). Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

A very brief introduction to TA for quality of life and well-being research.

• Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: Sage.

Our qualitative textbook that includes our most detailed account of TA to-date, including a worked example of TA using a focus group discussion on the ‘so-called’ obesity crisis. The companion website includes various data sets that can be used in teaching TA.

• Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.

A paper that considers some of the challenges of teaching TA to psychology undergraduates and outlines some strategies for maximising the often limited curriculum time dedicated to the teaching of qualitative methods in psychology.

• Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57-71). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

A general introduction to TA, including a detailed worked example using interview data from a study exploring gay student’s experiences of university life.

• Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2), 77-101.

The original paper in which we outlined our approach to TA; reprinted in: B. Gough (Ed.), (2014). Qualitative research in psychology. London: Sage.

• Howitt, D. (2012). Introduction to qualitative methods in psychology (2^nd ed.). (Chapter 7: Thematic analysis). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education.
• Howitt, D. & Cramer, D. (2007). Introduction to research methods in psychology (4^th ed.). (Chapter 21: Thematic analysis). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education.
• Stainton Rogers, W. (2011). Social psychology (2^nd ed.) (Chapter 5: Qualitative research in social psychology). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
• Whittaker, A. (2009). Research skills for social work (Chapter 7: Analysing your data). Exeter: Learning Matters.
• Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rd ed.). (Chapter 6: Thematic analysis). Maidenhead: Open University Press.

• Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Moller, N. & Tischner, I. (forthcoming, 2018). Thematic analysis. In Liamputtong, P. (Ed.), Research methods in health and social sciences. Springer.

A general introduction to TA for health and social science researchers.

• Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (forthcoming, 2018). Applied thematic analysis. In P. Brough & S. Occhipinti (Eds.), Research methods for applied psychologists: Design, analysis and reporting. London: Routledge.

A discussion of different types of TA, particularly those advocated for use in applied research, including template and framework analysis. We argue that the such approaches can result in themes that are not fully developed (domain summaries rather than conceptually founded patterns), and highlight calls among applied researchers for thematic analysis to be used to produce fully realised themes, which are more likely to result in ‘actionable outcomes’ than domain summaries, and thus more useful applied research.

• Connelly, L. M. & Peltzer, J. N. (2016). Underdeveloped themes in qualitative research: Relationships with interviews and analysis. Clinical Nurse Specialist, January/February, 51-57.

We highly recommend this paper – the discussion of the limitations of ‘domain summaries’ compared to fully realised themes is particularly useful.

• DeSantis, L. & Ugarriza, D.N. (2000). The concept of theme as used in qualitative nursing research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22(3), 351-372.

A useful definition of the concept of the ‘theme’; helpful if you are struggling to make sense of the difference between domain summaries and fully realised themes.

• Morse, J.M. (1997). “Perfectly healthy, but dead”: The myth of inter-rater reliability. Qualitative Health Research, 7(4), 445-447.

A useful discussion of some of the problems with the use of inter-rater reliability in qualitative analysis.

• Sandleowski, M. & Leeman, J. (2012). Writing usable qualitative health research findings. Qualitative Health Research, 22(10), 1404-1413.

A useful discussion of the limitations of domain-summaries and the importance of developing full realised themes in order to produce ‘actionable outcomes’ in applied research.

Approaches to TA that advocate the use of coding frames and inter-rater reliability scores (‘small q’ or ‘coding reliability’ TA)

• Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M. & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Joffe, H. (2011). Thematic analysis. In D. Harper & A. R. Thompson (Eds), Qualitative methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners (pp. 209-223). Chichester: Wiley.
• Joffe, H. & Yardley, L. (2004). Content and thematic analysis. In D. F. Marks & L. Yardley (Eds), Research methods for clinical and health psychology (pp. 56-68). London: Sage.
   

Approaches to TA based on the use of a codebook or coding frame

• Brooks, J., McCluskey, S., Turley, E. & King, N. (2015). The utility of template analysis in qualitative psychology research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(2), 202-222.
• Gale, N. K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. & Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/117
• King, N. (2012). Doing template analysis. In G. Symon & C. Cassell (Eds.), Qualitative organisation research: Core methods and current challenges (pp. 426-450). London: Sage.
• King, N. (2008). What will hatch? A constructivist autobiographical account of writing poetry. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 21, 274-287.
• King, N. (2004). Using templates in the qualitative analysis of text. In G. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organisational research (pp. 256-270). London: Sage.
• King, N. (1998). Template analysis. In G. Symon & C. Cassell (Eds.), Qualitative methods and analysis in organizational research (pp. 118-134). London: Sage.
• King, N. & Brooks, J.M. (2017). Template analysis for business and management students. London: Sage.
• Leal, I., Engebretson, J., Cohen, L., Rodriguez, A., Wangyai, T., Lopez, G. & Chaoul, A. (2015). Experiences of paradox: A qualitative analysis of living with cancer using a framework approach. Psycho-Oncology, 24, 138-146.
• Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2^nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Ritchie, J. & Spencer, L. (1994). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In A. Bryman & R. G. Burgess (Ed.), Analysing qualitative data (pp. 173-194). London: Taylor & Francis.
• Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researcher, 2^nd ed. London: Sage.
• Smith, J. & Firth, J. (2011). Qualitative data analysis: Application of the framework approach. Nurse Researcher, 18(2), 52-62.
• Spencer, L., Ritchie, J. & O’Connor (2003). Carrying out qualitative analysis. In J. Ritchie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (pp. 199-218). London: Sage.

 Other approaches to TA

• Aguinaldo, J.P. (2012). Qualitative analysis in gay men’s health research: Comparing thematic, critical discourse, and conversation analysis. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(6), 765-787.
• Aronson, J. (1994). A pragmatic view of thematic analysis. The Qualitative Report, 2(1),
• Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405.
• Barbour, R. (2008). Introducing qualitative research: A student guide to the craft of doing qualitative research (Chapter 9: Analysis groundwork – storing, coding and retrieving data and Chapter 10: Interrogating your data – identifying patterns). London: Sage.
• Buetow, S. (2010). Thematic analysis and its reconceptualization as ‘saliency analysis’. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(2), 123-225.
• Daly, J. Kellehear, A. & Gliksman, M. (1997). The public health researcher: A methodological guide (Chapter 9: Secondary analysis). Victoria, Australia: Oxford University Press.
• DeSantis, L. & Ugarriza, D. N. (2000). The concept of theme as used in qualitative nursing research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22(3), 351-372.
• Fereday, J. & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 1-11.
• Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research, 4^th ed (Chapter 23: Coding and categorising). London: Sage.
• Floersch, J., Longhofer, J. L., Kranke, D. & Townsend, L. (2010). Integrating thematic, grounded theory and narrative analysis: A case study of adolescent psychotropic treatment. Qualitative Social Work, 9(3), 407-425.
• Gibson, W. J. & Brown, A. (2009). Working with qualitative data (Chapter 8: Identifying themes, codes and hypotheses). London: Sage.
• Green, J. (2013). The use of focus groups in research into health. In M. Saks & J. Allsop (Eds.), Researching health: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods (pp 128-147). London: Sage.
• Green, J. & Thorogood, N. (2014). Qualitative methods for health research (3^rd ed.). (Chapter 8: Analysing qualitative data). London: Sage.
• Hayes, N. (1997). Theory-led thematic analysis: Social identification in small companies. In N. Hayes (Ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
• Langdridge, D. (2004). Introduction to research methods and data analysis in psychology (Chapter 14: Transcribing, coding and organising textual data). Harlow: Pearson.
• Langdridge, D. & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2013). Introduction to research methods and data analysis in psychology (3^rd ed.). (Chapter 18: Transcribing, coding and organising textual data). Harlow: Pearson.
• Luborsky, M. (1994). The identification and analysis of themes and patterns. In J. F. Gubrium & A. Sankar (Eds.), Qualitative methods in aging research (pp. 189-210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Malterud, K. (2013). Systematic text condensation: A strategy for qualitative analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 40, 795-805.
• Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing qualitative research (5^th ed.). (Chapter 8: Managing, analysing and interpreting data). Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (Chapter 8: Qualitative analysis and interpretation). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Tesch, R. (1990) Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. London: Falmer Press.
• Tuckett, A. G. (2005). Applying thematic analysis theory to practice: A researcher’s experience. Contemporary Nurse, 19(1-2), 75-87.
• Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H. & Bondas, H. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405.

 Related approaches

• Hsieh, H.-F. & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.

 Early examples of TA

• Benner, P. (1985). Quality of life: A phenomenological perspective on explanation, prediction, and understanding in nursing science. Advances in Nursing Science, 8(1), 1-14.
• Christ, T. (1970). A thematic analysis of the American business creed. Social Forces, 49(2), 239-245.
• Dapkus, M. A. (1985). A thematic analysis of the experience of time. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 49(2), 408-419.

• Malik, S. H. & Coulson, N. (2008). The male experience of infertility: A thematic analysis of an online fertility support group bulletin board. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 26(1), 18-30.
• Douglas, H., Hamilton, R. & Grubs, R. (2009). The effect of BRCA gene testing on family relationships: A thematic analysis of qualitative interviews. Journal of Genetic Counselling, 18(5), 418-435.
• Rance, N. M., Clarke, V. & Moller, N. P. (2014) ‘If I see somebody... I’ll immediately scope them out’: Anorexia Nervosa clients’ perceptions of their therapists’ body. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 22(2), 111-120

• Frith, H. & Gleeson, K. (2004). Clothing and embodiment: Men managing body image and appearance. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(1), 40-48.
• Kitzinger, C. & Willmott, J. (2002). ‘The thief of womanhood’: Women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Social Science & Medicine, 54(3), 349-361.

• Malik, S. H. & Coulson, N. (2008). The male experience of infertility: A thematic analysis of an online fertility support group bulletin board. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 26(1), 18-30.
• Everson-Hock, E. S., Taylor, A. H., Ussher, M. & Faulkner, G. (2010). A qualitative perspective on multiple health behaviour change: Views of smoking cessation advisors who promote physical activity. The Journal of Smoking Cessation, 5(1), 7-14.
• Moller, N. P., Timms, J. & Alilovic, K. (2009). Risky business or safety net? Trainee perceptions of personal therapy: A qualitative thematic analysis. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 11(4), 369-384.

• Braun, V. (2008). ''She'll be right''? National identity explanations for poor sexual health statistics in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 67(11), 1817-1825.
• Clarke, V. & Smith, M. (2015) “Not hiding, not shouting, just me”: Gay men negotiate their visual identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(1), 4-32.
• Clarke, V. & Spence, K. (2013) ‘I am who I am’: Navigating norms and the importance of authenticity in lesbian and bisexual women’s accounts of their appearance practices. Psychology & Sexuality, 4(1), 25-33.
• Clarke, V. & Kitzinger, C. (2004). Lesbian and gay parents on talk shows: Resistance or collusion in heterosexism. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(3), 195-217.
• Clarke, V., Burgoyne, C. & Burns, M. (2007). Romance, rights, recognition, responsibilities and radicalism: Same-sex couples’ views on civil partnership and marriage. In V. Clarke & E. Peel (Eds.), Out in Psychology: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer perspectives (pp. 173-193). Chichester: Wiley.
• Peel, E. (2001). Mundane heterosexism: Understanding incidents of the everyday. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21(5), 541-554.
• Singer, D. & Hunter, M. (1999). The experience of premature menopause: A thematic discourse analysis. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 17(1), 63-81.
• Stenner, P. (1993). Discoursing jealousy. In E. Burman & I. Parker (Eds.), Discourse Analytic Research: Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action (pp. 94-132). London: Routledge.
• Taylor, G. W. & Ussher, J. M. (2001). Making sense of S&M: A discourse analytic account. Sexualities, 4(3), 293-314.

• Braun, V., Terry, G., Gavey, N., & Fenaughty, J. (2009). 'Risk' and sexual coercion among gay and bisexual men in Aotearoa/New Zealand-key informant accounts. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(2), 111-124.
• Douglas, H., Hamilton, R. & Grubs, R. (2009). The effect of BRCA gene testing on family relationships: A thematic analysis of qualitative interviews. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 18(5), 418-435.
• Kitzinger, C. & Willmott, J. (2002). ‘The thief of womanhood’: Women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Social Science & Medicine, 54(3), 349-361.
• Wong, W. K. T. & Ussher, J. (2009). Bereaved informal cancer carers making sense of their palliative care experiences at home. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(3), 274-282.

• Braun, V. (2008). ''She'll be right''? National identity explanations for poor sexual health statistics in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 67(11), 1817-1825.
• Braun, V., & Wilkinson, S. (2005). Vagina equals woman? On genitals and gendered identity. Women's Studies International Forum, 28(6), 509-522.
• King, M. & Ussher, J. M. (2013). It's not all bad: Women's construction and lived experience of positive premenstrual change. Feminism & Psychology, 23(3), 399-417.
• Nicolson, P., Kopp, Z., Chapple, C. R. & Kelleher, C. (2008). ‘It's just the worry about not being able to control it!’: A qualitative study of living with overactive bladder. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 343-359.

• Braun, V., Tricklebank, G. & Clarke, V. (2013). ‘It shouldn’t stick out from your bikini at the beach’: Meaning, gender, and the hairy/hairless body. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(4), 478-493.
• Frith, H. & Gleeson, K. (2008). Dressing the body: The role of clothing in sustaining body pride and managing body distress. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 5(4), 249-264.
• Frith, H. & Gleeson, K. (2004). Clothing and embodiment: Men managing body image and appearance. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(1), 40-48.
• Jowett, A. & Peel, E. (2009). Chronic Illness in Non-heterosexual Contexts: An Online Survey of experiences. Feminism & Psychology, 19(4), 454–474.
• Moller, N. P., Timms, J. & Alilovic, K. (2009). Risky business or safety net? Trainee perceptions of personal therapy: A qualitative thematic analysis. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 11(4), 369-384.
• Toerien, M. & Wilkinson, S. (2004). Exploring the depilation norm: A qualitative questionnaire study of women's body hair removal. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(1), 69-92.
• Tuckett, A. G. (2005). Applying thematic analysis theory to practice: A researcher's experience. Contemporary Nurse, 19(1-2), 75-87.

• Clarke, V., Braun, V. & Wooles, K. (2015). Thou shalt not covet another man? Exploring constructions of same-sex and different-sex infidelity using story completion. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 25(2), 153-166.
• Frith, H. (2013). Accounting for orgasmic absence: Exploring heterosex using the story completion method. Psychology & Sexuality, 4(3), 310-322.
• Kitzinger, C. & Powell, D. (1995). Engendering infidelity: Essentialist and social constructionist readings of a story completion task. Feminism & Psychology, 5(3), 345-72.
• Whitty, M. T. (2005). The Realness of Cybercheating: Men's and Women's Representations of Unfaithful Internet Relationships. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 57-67.

• Clarke, V. & Kitzinger, C. (2004). Lesbian and gay parents on talk shows: Resistance or collusion in heterosexism. Qualitative Research in Psychology 1(3), 195-217.
• Ellis, S. J. & Kitzinger, C. (2002). Denying equality: An analysis of arguments against lowering the age of consent for sex between men. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(3), 167-180.
• Farvid, P. & Braun, V. (2006). ‘Most of us guys are raring to go anytime, anyplace, anywhere’: Male and female sexuality in Cleo and Cosmo. Sex Roles, 55(5), 295-310.

• Malinen, K., Rönkä, A. & Sevón, E. (2010). Good moments in parents' spousal relationships: A daily relational maintenance perspective. Family Science, 1(3-4), 230-241.
• Sillence, E., Briggs, P., Harris, P.R. & Fishwick, L. (2007). How do patients evaluate and make use of online health information? Social Science & Medicine, 64(9), 1853-1862.

• Peel E. (2009). Intergroup relations in action: Questions asked about lesbian, gay and bisexual issues in diversity training. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19(4), 271-285.

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